Independence as Nations, comparing hati, america, and france essays

Independence as Nations, comparing hati, america, and france essays Although Haiti, America, and France begin their independence around the same time era, their ways of receiving their independence was very much identical. Social classes have a huge impact on the status of a country. The way that these social classes influenced these countries were the direct cause of their independence. The people and the ideas of those people would cause a spark of events leading to an independent country. Well, if independence is the question then it is necessary to focus on what had been happening in the colonial period in the Americas, Haiti, and France. With the development of the European colonies, there were also new systems of government. Although the colonies belonged to the European countries, the leaders who actually governed the region were located in the New World, far away from Europe. As such, little by little the leaders of colonial America realized that they had different interests from those who established the rules for the region. In the case of Latin America, there was also the issue of different social groups: the peninsulares (those born in Spain or Portugal) traditionally had maintained political control in the region, but the growth of the criollo (those of European blood but born in the Americas) and the mestizo (those born of mixed European and Indian blood) populations represented a reasonable test to this power.. After three centuries, independence movements began to spread throughout the region at the end of the 18th century, from Virginia to Argentina. Beginning with the American Revolution in 1776, the ideas of freedom, equality, and independence were transformed into armed struggles against the powers of Great Britain, Spain, France, and Portugal. In each region, there were revolutionary leaders who stood out: Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington (in the U.S.), Simn Bolivar and Jos de San Martin (South America), Miguel Hidalgo and Jos Mo...

Philip Webb, About the Architect of Arts Crafts

Philip Webb, About the Architect of Arts Crafts Philip Speakman Webb (born January 12, 1831 in Oxford, England) is often called the father of the Arts Crafts Movement, along with his friend William Morris  (1834-1896). Famous for his comfortable, unpretentious country homes, Philip Webb also designed furniture, wallpaper, tapestries, and stained glass. As an architect, Webb is best-known for his unconventional country manor homes and urban terraced houses (townhouses or row houses). He embraced the vernacular, choosing the comfortable, traditional, and functional instead of conforming to the ornate Victorian ornamentation of the day. His homes expressed traditional English building methods- red brick, sash windows, dormers, gables, steep-sloped roofs, and tall Tudor-like chimneys. He was a pioneering figure in the English Domestic Revival Movement, a Victorian residential movement of grand simplicity. Although influenced by medieval styles and the Gothic Revival movement, Webbs highly original, yet practical designs became the germ of modernism. Webb grew up in Oxford, England, at a time when buildings were being remodeled with the latest machine-made materials instead of being restored and preserved with original materials- a childhood experience that would influence the direction of his lifes work. He studied at Aynho in Northamptonshire and trained under John Billing, an architect in Reading, Berkshire, who specialized in traditional building repairs. He became a junior assistant for the office of George Edmund Street, working on churches in Oxford and becoming close friends with William Morris (1819-1900), who also was working for G. E. Street. As young men, Philip Webb and William Morris became associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Movement, a brotherhood of painters and poets who defied the artistic trends of the day and championed the philosophies of social critic John Ruskin (1819-1900). By the mid-19th century, the anti-establishment themes expressed by John Ruskin were taking hold across Britains intelligentsia. The societal ills resulting from Britains Industrial Revolution inspired the backlash, expressed by the likes of author Charles Dickens and architect Philip Webb. Arts and Crafts was a movement first and not simply an architectural style- the Arts and Crafts Movement was a reaction to the mechanization and dehumanization of the Industrial Revolution. Web was among the founders of Morris, Marshall, Faulkner Company, a decorative arts hand-crafting studio founded in 1851. What became Morris Co., the anti-machine-age supplier specialized in handmade stained glass, carving, furniture, wallpaper, carpets, and tapestries. Webb and Morris also founded the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB) in 1877. While associated with Morris company, Webb designed household furnishings and, no doubt, contributed to the evolution of what became known as the Morris Chair. Webb is particularly famous for his table glassware, stained glass, jewelry, and his rustic carvings and adaptations of Stuart period furniture. His interior decorative accessories in metal, glass, wood and embroidery are still found in the residences he built- the Red House has hand-painted glass by Webb. About the Red House: Webbs first architectural commission was the Red House, William Morriss eclectic country home in Bexleyheath, Kent. Built with and for Morris between 1859 and 1860, the Red House has been called the first step toward the modern house- architect John Milnes Baker has quoted German architect Hermann Muthesius as calling the Red House the very first example in the history of the modern house. Webb and Morris designed an interior and exterior that was unified in theory and design.  Incorporating contrasting materials such as white interior walls and bare brickwork, natural and traditional design and construction were modern (and ancient) ways to create the harmonious home. Many photos of the house are from the backyard, with the homes L-shaped design wrapping around a cone-roofed well and natures own garden. The front is on the short side of the L, accessed from the backyard by walking through the rear red brick arch, down a corridor, and to the front hallway near the square stairs in the crook of the L. Webb defied using one architectural style- is it Tudor? Gothic Revival?- and combined traditional building elements to create a simplified, livable space, inside and out. Architectural ownership of both interior and exterior space would in time influence the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) and what became known as the American Prairie Style. Built-in furniture and hand-crafted, custom-made furnishings became hallmarks of British Arts Crafts, American Craftsman, and Prairie Style homes. Webbs Influence on Domestic Architecture: After the Red House, Webbs most notable designs of the 1870s include No. 1 Palace Green and No. 19 Lincolns Inn Fields in London, Smeaton Manor in North Yorkshire, and Joldwynds in Surrey. Webb was the only Pre-Raphaelite to design a church, St. Martins Church in Brampton, 1878. The church includes a set of stained glass windows designed by Edward Burne-Jones and executed in the Morris companys studios. The Arts Crafts movement in the United Kingdom had a great influence on American Craftsman architecture as well as furniture makers such as Gustav Stickley (1858-1942) in the United States. Stickleys Craftsman Farms in New Jersey is considered the best example of original architecture from the American Craftsman movement. One look at Webbs Coneyhurst on the Hill, built in 1886 in Surrey, reminds us of Americas Shingle style homes- the simplicity of domesticity had become gentrified; the grandness contrasts with the small cottages inhabited by the working class. The Clouds House in Wiltshire, finished by Webb that same year, 1886, would not be out of place as a summer cottage in Newport, Rhode Island. In West Sussex, England,  Standen House with Morris Co. interiors could have been another Stanford White design like Naumkeag, an American Shingle Style summer home in the hills of Massachusetts. The name of Philip Webb may not be well-known, yet Webb is considered one of Britains most important architects. His residential designs influenced domestic architecture on at least two continents- in the US and Britain. Philip Webb died April 17, 1915 in Sussex, England. Learn More: John Ruskin, Todays 19th Century CriticTextiles of the Arts and Crafts MovementPhilip Webb: Pioneer of Arts Crafts Architecture by Sheila Kirk, 2005Arts and Crafts Architecture: History and Heritage in New England by Maureen Meister, 2014Clouds: Biography of a Country House by Caroline Dakers, Yale University Press, 1993 Source: American House Styles by John Milnes Baker, Norton, 1994, p. 70

Jazz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jazz - Essay Example In 1944 Davis was privy to observe the performance of a band comprised of jazz great, Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. These two were creators of the then new bebop style of jazz known for its ‘fast’ and ‘dynamic rhythm variations’ (all.about.jazz 2009). Interestingly, Davis style was in direct contrast to this fast pace it was considered to be cool. It was so cool that his first recording which was initiated by him was called ‘Birth of the Cool’. This album would later be abducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame. In an attempt to emulate Parker and Gillespie Davis began a program of study in the Institute of Musical Art in New York City now known as Julliard in 1944. However, by 1945 he was requested to be a guest player at one of Parker’s show and so ended his study at Julliard’s. He became a full-time jazz musician. For the next three years Davis joined bands of the like of Benny Carter, Eckstine and Parker. During these years he made several recordings as a sideman. In 1948 Davis established his own band and eventually signed with Capitol Records. Subsequent to his signing with Capitol for several years Davis’ success was hindered by his use of heroin. Fortunately Davis was able to overcome this drug addiction and landed a contract with Columbia Records. Following his heroin years Davis went on to gain nine Grammy Awards and several other Grammy Nominations. One of his most famous recordings was in 1959 ‘Kind of Blue’ which sold more than ‘two million copies, a phenomenal success for a jazz record’ (all.about.jazz 2009). With albums like ‘Someday My Prince Will Come’, ‘Quiet Nights’, ‘Miles Davis in Europe’ and ‘Bitches Brew’ to name a few earned Davis these awards. His final Grammy in 1993 was a Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Performance for Miles and Quincy Live at Monteux. Clearly, Miles Davis was a legend in his own right. He created a new form of jazz which

LAW OF EQUITY & TRUSTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

LAW OF EQUITY & TRUSTS - Essay Example The legal and equitable estates had not been divided prior to the making of the security agreement.† 2 This qualifies the applicability of the requirement established in the law. Moreover it has been contended that The underlying policy was to :- a. prevent fraud by prohibiting oral hidden transfers of equitable interests under trusts and b. assist trustees by enabling them to identify the whereabouts of the equitable interest subsisting under a trust. 3 This indicates that even civil interactions among citizens state policy is to prevent prejudice, injury and fraud. That is made manifest by the measures embodied in law. It is the policy of the state that even in private transaction rights of citizens is upheld and propensity for the travesty against rights is extensively limited. Lord Radcliffe in Grey v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1960] AC 1 did suggest that ‘there is warrant for saying that a direction to his trustee by the equitable owner of trust property prescribing new trusts of that property was a declaration of trust’, but even if that were the case, his Lordship observed that the direction might nevertheless be a disposition falling within s. 53(1)(c) (and thus in need of written form) if ‘the effect of it was to determine completely or pro tanto the subsisting equitable interest of the maker of the direction’.4 This implies that as the controlling doctrine provides that the meaning of the provision is clear. Written proof is necessary to establish a transfer of equitable interest. Moreover, this is the case, even if there already is a relationship wherein the transfer has been had. Absence of written proof or documentation to this effect shall be construed as the absence of a valid and legal transfer. As to whether the direction to the bank had been void for lack of written formality, the House of Lords held that s. 53(1)(c) only applied to cases where the equitable interest in

Behavior Problem Essay Example for Free

Behavior Problem Essay The management of disruptive behavior problems is a familiar concern for many schools. Student’s behavior problems are challenging at all levels in school in recent years, behavior difficulties in school have increased, teachers seem to be unprepared to deal with these problem. According to C. E. C. P (1998) â€Å"Difficult student misbehaviors, reported by teacher include violation of classroom rules, being truant from school, blaming others for problems, irresponsible behavior, and destruction of property. p. 21) Given the seriousness of these behaviors, teacher are spending disproportionately more time on behavior problems that take away from instructions, compromising learning for both the student with the behavior difficulties and rest of the classroom. Therefore, teachers need to formulate a plan to help students with their behavioral problems so that the learning and teaching process happens actively and smoothly. 2. 0 Behavior Problems 2. 1 Definition of behavior, problem, and behavior problem. Behavior Behavior defines as the manner in which one behaves / The actions or reactions of a person or animal in response to external or internal stimuli. One of these actions or reactions: a hormone . . . known to directly control sex-specific reproductive and parenting behaviors in a wide variety of vertebrates (Thomas Maugh II). (Cited from American Heritage Dictionary) Problem Problem defines as any question or matter involving doubt, uncertainty, or difficulty/ a question proposed for solution or discussion / difficult to train or guide. cited from dictionary. com) Behavior Problem So basically behavior problems have both of the elements of behavior and problem. Which defines as a n action or reaction of a person to external or internal stimuli which involves qoubt, uncertainty or difficulty. 2. 2 Types of behavioral problems. There are 11 most common types of behavioral problem that a teacher might encounter in schools. (KidsBehavior (UK). mht). They are; a)Aggressive Outburst b)Biting peers or objects c)Pulling peers hair d)Banging their head )Hitting their peers f)Pinching their peers g)Always being absent to class h)Using violence in classroom i)Lying/ blaming others j)Usage of vulgar/abusive words k)Stealing Not only behavior problems distract the attention in a classroom but also behavior disorder. Behavior disorder is a much more severe problem than behavior problems. This is because behavior disorders are hardwired in the students system. There are many types of behavior disorders and among them are a) autism, b) post-traumatic stress disorder and many more. Unfortunately, a teacher would not be able to help these types of children because this type of children needs special attention. Therefore, if a teacher recognizes any kind of behavioral disorder in a child, the teacher should inform to his/her parents as soon as possible. As concerning with behavioral problems, there are number of methods/strategies techniques available to cure them. Teachers should know these methods/strategies/techniques in order to help the students to mend their behavior problem and to help the school from facing displin problems. The term for this methods/strategies/techniques is Behavior Modification 3. 0 Overcoming Behavior Problems with Behavior Management and Behavior Modification 3. 1 Definition of Behavior Management and Behavior Modification. Behavior management skills are particularly of importance to teachers in the educational system. Behavior management is all of the actions and conscious inactions to enhance the probability people, individually and in groups, choose behaviors, which are personally fulfilling, productive, and socially acceptable. Behavior modification is the use of empirically demonstrated behavior change techniques to improve behavior, such as altering an individuals behaviors and reactions to stimuli through positive and negative reinforcement of adaptive behavior and/or the reduction of maladaptive behavior through positive and negative punishment. 3. 2 Behavior Management 1) Behavior management is applied at the group level by a classroom teacher as a form of behavioral engineering to produce high rates of student work completion and minimize classroom disruption. ) â€Å"Contemporary behavior modification approaches involve students more actively in planning and shaping their own behavior through participation in the negotiation of contracts with their teachers and through exposure to training designed to help them to monitor and evaluate their behavior more actively, to learn techniques of self-control and problem solving, and to set goals and reinforce themselves for meeting these goals. – (Br ophy (1986)) ) The most common practices of this behavior management rely on the use of applied behavior analysis principles such as positive reinforcement and mild punishments 4) This principle follows the Operant Conditioning system by B. F. Skinner, which is to describe the effects of the consequences of a particular behavior on the future occurrence of that behavior. There are four types of Operant Conditioning: Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Punishment, and Extinction. Both Positive and Negative Reinforcement strengthen behavior while both Punishment and Extinction weakens behavior. ) Examples of situation whereby the teacher uses the two main types of operant conditioning. 3. 2. 1 Positive Reinforcement Definition: Is an attempt to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future, an operant response is followed by the presentation of an appetitive stimulus. Example of situation in a classroom on how to use positive reinforcement. A teacher who uses positive rein forcement will constantly and consistently praised the students, ignored small infractions and was encouraging no matter what answer the students get. Once one student was totally off track with his answer and the teachers response was no, but you are thinking and that is what I enjoy seeing you think, listen to others and try again. Every minute or two the teacher was saying something positive. 3. 2. 2 Negative Reinforcement Definition: Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is reinforced by removal of a stimulus. The word negative does not mean unpleasant. It means a stimulus is removed or subtracted from the situation as a form of reinforcement Example of situation in a classroom on how to use negative reinforcement. Suppose your teacher said you could skip the final exam by studying an extra chapter and taking a quiz on it. You might study an extra chapter (your studying behavior would be made more frequent) because of the promise of an unpleasant stimulus, being removed (no final exam) Another example: If a student is trying to be the centre of the limelight by disrupting the classroom the teacher can use the avoidance strategy or punishment strategy as a negative reinforcement to the student. 3. 3 Behavior Modification The principles of using behavior modification are: ) To develop a new behavior b) To strengthen a new behavior , c) To maintain an established behavior, d) To stop inappropriate behavior, and finally e) To modify emotional behavior. (Adapted from: Krumboltz, J. , Krumboltz, H. (1972). Changing childrens behavior. New York: Prentice-Hall. )   There are 3 main principles to develop a new behavior which are i. Successive Approximation Principle: ( To teach a child to act in a ma nner in which he has seldom or never before behaved, reward successive steps to the inal behavior. ) ii. Continuous Reinforcement Principle: (To develop a new behavior that the child has not previously exhibited, arrange for an immediate reward after each correct performed it incorrectly. iii. Discrimination Principle: (To teach a child to act in a particular way under one set of circumstances but not in another, help him to identify the cues that differentiate the circumstances and reward him only when his action is appropriate to the cue. ) B : To strengthen a new behavior There are 2 main principle in strengthening a new behavior. i. Decreasing Reinforcement Principle: (To encourage a child to continue performing an established behavior with few or no rewards, gradually require a longer time period or more correct responses before a correct behavior is rewarded. ) ii. Variable Reinforcement Principle: (To improve or increase a childs performance of a certain activity, provide the child with an intermittent reward. ) C :To maintain an established behavior There is 1main principle in estbablishing a new behavior . Substitution Principle: (To change reinforcers when a previously effective reward is no longer controlling behavior, present it just before (or as soon as possible to) the time you present the new, hopefully more effective reward. ) D :To stop inappropriate behavior There is 3 main principle to stop inappropriate behavior i. Satiation Principle: (To stop a child from acting in a particular way, you may allow him to continue (or insist that he continue) performing the undesired act until he tires of it. ) ii. Extinction Principle: (To stop a child from acting in a particular way, you may arrange conditions so that he receives no rewards following the undesired act. ) iii. Punishment Principle: (To stop a child from acting in a certain way, deliver an aversive stimuli immediately after the action occurs. Since punishment results in increased hostility and aggression, it should only be used infrequently and in conjunction with reinforcement. ) E : To modify emotional behavior There is 2 main principle to modify emotional behavior ) Avoidance Principle: ( To teach a child to avoid a certain type of situation, simultaneously present to the child the situation to be avoided (or some representation of it) and some aversive conditon (or its representation) ii) Fear Reduction Principle: (To help a child overcome his fear of a particular situation, gradually increase his exposure to the feared situation while he is otherwise comfortable, relaxed, secure or rewarded. ) CONCLUSION The effective use of behavioral and cognitive strategies in the classroom may appear daunting even to experienced teachers. However, changing your behavior and strategies is often the most efficient and effective means of improving all types of classroom behaviors Through practice comes proficiency. The building block of emotions and behavior likely contains the largest and most diverse set of problems encountered in the classroom. By first understanding these problems and seeing the world through the eyes of your students, and, then developing and using a set of i strategies on a regular basis, problems of emotions and behavior can be effectively managed and changed in the classroom and also behavior problems can be mended.

odysseus: an epic hero Essay -- essays research papers fc

Is Odysseus An Epic Hero?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is Odysseus, the main character of Homer’s The Odyssey, really an epic hero? An epic hero embodies several heroic traits such as; having superior or super-human strength; being intellectual and courageous; and being a strong and responsible leader. An epic hero struggles and is overwhelmed with difficulties. An epic hero is on a quest of self discovery, war or some sort of goal. In the Odyssey, Odysseus is on a quest to return home to Ithaca after ten years of war in Troy. Odysseus, during his quest, is forced to venture through a merciless Cyclops, angered Gods, deeply obstinate Goddesses, the underworld, and determined suitors that are after his wife Penelope. Odysseus surmounts over these obstacles and returns home safely with courage, intelligence, superior strength, brave leadership, and also performs brave deeds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his quest, Odysseus uses his superior and super human strength to overcome the suitors. In The Odyssey, Penelope holds a contest for all the suitors. She declares that she will marry the one who can string and shoot Odysseus’s bow through all the twelve axes. None of the suitors were able to bend the bow and string it. Odysseus disguised as a beggar then asks if he can try the bow. â€Å"Meantime wise Odysseus, when he handled the great bow and scanned it closely, — even as one well-skilled to play the lyre and sing stretches with ease round its new peg a string, securing at each end the twisted sheep-gut; so without effort did Odysseus string the mighty bow. Holding it now with his right hand, he tried its cord; and clear to the touch it sang, voiced like the swallow†¦. Then laying the arrow on the arch, he drew the string and arrow notches, and forth from the bench on which he sat let fly the shaft, with careful aim, and did not miss an ax e’s ring from first to last, but clean through all sped on the bronze-tipped arrow† (Homer 210-211). Odysseus used his superior strength to bend his bow for he was the only one who was able to bend it and string it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his quest, Odysseus uses his superior intellect to outsmart Polyphemus, the Cyclops. Odysseus and his men arrive on the land of the Cyclops. Odysseus then chooses his twelve best men and travel through the mainland and come across a cave. Odysseus and his men make themselves at ... ... here, could have left his men under the influence and sailed off but instead he dragged all by forced and brought them to order.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everything Odysseus did wasn’t a quality of an epic hero. For example, Odysseus raided the Ismarus, the city of the Cicones. Odysseus and his men took all the treasures and woman. Odysseus also was dissolute to Penelope. Odysseus was with Circe for one year and with Calypso for seven years. This makes Odysseus seem less of an epic hero, but if you consider the other facts about him you should think otherwise. Odysseus was superior in strength for being the only person to be able to bend and string his bow. Odysseus was intelligent and courageous by standing up to Polyphemus. Odysseus was a responsible and strong leader by forcing his men under the influence to get on the ship and continue their journey home. Therefore, I can conclude that Odysseus is truly an epic hero. Odysseus had many difficulties throughout his journey, but he strived to continue despite his many encounters with gods, goddesses, Cyclops, and suitors. Works Cited Homer. The Odyssey. Minneola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1999.

Stats Study Sheet

1. Assume 20% of all email is spam. A large Internet provider plans on conducting a survey of 900 emails to see what percentage are spam. a. What is the probability they will get a proportion greater than 0. 1836? b. If they get a sample proportion over 24% they are going to shut down their email server. What is the probability this will happen? 2. A survey is done to estimate the proportion of U. S. adults who think that cell phone use while driving should be illegal. In the survey, 54% of a randomly selected sample of 1025 individuals said that cell phone use while driving should be illegal. a.What is the 90% confidence interval for the proportion of adults who think cell phone use should be illegal? 1. A sample of college students was asked whether they would return the money if they found a wallet on the street. Of the 93 women, 84 said â€Å"yes,† and of the 75 men, 53 said â€Å"yes. † Assume that these students represent all college students (Data source is from UC Davis and can be found in the textbook). a. Is there enough data to calculate a confidence interval for the women? 2. A sample of college students was asked whether they would return the money if they found a wallet on the street.Of the 93 women, 84 said â€Å"yes,† and of the 75 men, 53 said â€Å"yes. † Assume that these students represent all college students (Data source is from UC Davis and can be found in the textbook). b. Is there enough data to calculate a confidence interval for the women? 3. A CNN/Time poll conducted in the United States October 23-24, 2002, (http://www. pollingreport. com) asked, â€Å"Do you favor or oppose the legalization of marijuana? † In the nationwide poll of n = 1007 adults, 34% said that they favored legalization. a.Find the margin of error for a 96% confidence interval. 3. A medical researcher wants to study whether oral contraceptives are correlated with high blood pressure. A sample of 500 women using oral contraceptive s showed 15% had high blood pressure A sample of 400 women not using oral contraceptives showed 10% had high blood pressure. a. What is the 92% confidence interval for the difference in the two proportions? (using – not using) 4. A medical researcher wants to study whether oral contraceptives are correlated with high blood pressure.A sample of 500 women using oral contraceptives showed 15% had high blood pressure A sample of 400 women not using oral contraceptives showed 10% had high blood pressure. b. What is the 92% confidence interval for the difference in the two proportions? (using – not using) b. If the magazine had wanted to get a margin of error of only 1%, at least how many adults should they have interviewed? 1. University of Wyoming policy states that you should spend 6 hours a week on homework. To find out how close our class is we randomly sample 100 students from class and ask, â€Å"How many hours do you spend on homework each week? The mean for the 100 responses is 3. 6 hours with a standard deviation of 0. 7 hours (sample statistic). Find a 95% confidence interval for the true average. * We use 80 degrees of freedom, because (1) t-table does not have t-values for 99 degrees of freedom and also because using 100 degrees of freedom is too liberal. The reason is that we can never say we have more data than you really do; OK to say you have less. * We use t-table and not z-table because our standard deviation has been computed from sample values. 7.The center for disease control wants to know the average life span of an ebola virus. Studies of similar types of viruses suggest the standard deviation will be 2. 55 days (population parameter: use z-table), but they want a 99% confidence interval for the true average lifespan, and they want that confidence interval to have a width of 0. 5 days. How many ebola viruses do they need to sample? †¢We can use z-table instead of t-table because the standard deviation comes from the popula tion.  ¬ †¢We can use z-table instead of t-table because the standard deviation comes from the population. 7.The center for disease control wants to know the average life span of an ebola virus. Studies of similar types of viruses suggest the standard deviation will be 2. 55 days (population parameter: use z-table), but they want a 99% confidence interval for the true average lifespan, and they want that confidence interval to have a width of 0. 5 days. How many ebola viruses do they need to sample? †¢We can use z-table instead of t-table because the standard deviation comes from the population.  ¬ †¢We can use z-table instead of t-table because the standard deviation comes from the population. 9.Example 11. 12 (p. 428) studies hangover symptoms in college students (Slutske et al. , 2003). The students answered questions about alcohol use and hangovers, including a count of how many out of a list of 13 possible hangover symptoms that they had experienced in the pa st year. For the 470 men, the mean number of symptoms was 5. 3; for the 755 women, it was 5. 1. The standard deviation was 3. 4 for each of the two samples. a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference in population means. 9. Example 11. 12 (p. 428) studies hangover symptoms in college students (Slutske et al. 2003). The students answered questions about alcohol use and hangovers, including a count of how many out of a list of 13 possible hangover symptoms that they had experienced in the past year. For the 470 men, the mean number of symptoms was 5. 3; for the 755 women, it was 5. 1. The standard deviation was 3. 4 for each of the two samples. a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference in population means. 3. In each part, use the information given to calculate the margin of error. a. A sample of n = 81 women has standard deviation 2. 7 inches. Confidence90%

Hobbes’ And Locke’s Political Philosophy Essay

On Hobbes’ Political Philosophy Hobbes’ scientistic philosophy presupposed that man is the self-sufficient interpreter of the facts of life and that man can correctly define what the facts of life are. Similar to the Sophists, Hobbes asserted that the knowable facts of life are only particular empirical things. Thus, Hobbes asserted that universal words, such as good and evil, are incomprehensible to man in the objective sense as rooted in reality. Because they are non-empirical and universal, they are mere names. Like the Sophists, Hobbes was also a nominalist. Moreover, Hobbes asserted that metaphysical essences and metaphysical forms do not exist. God’s attributes are merely names that man thinks would honor Him. Thus, like the Sophists, there is no natural hierarchy tied to the essences or purposes of things, but only a realm of natural causes. For Hobbes, man existed individually in a state of nature before civil government was formed. He asserted that human equality is based upon an empirical condition, namely power. Man in the state of nature was obligated only to seek Peace by self-preservation. Hobbes embraced a negative theory of freedom. There was really no law in the state of nature because the obligation to seek peace was not declared from a higher power; no one had a Bible in the state of nature to proclaim to him the will of almighty God. As one who believed in God’s existence, Hobbes’ scientistic epistemology and ontology forced him to embrace theological voluntarism. Ultimately, morals are grounded in the arbitrary will of God rather than His character. Hobbes postulated that the superior will and power are the only legitimate grounds of law.[1] In terms of what is good and evil, just and unjust, the natural man in a state of nature did whatever he reasonably thought was right in his own eyes to preserve his life. If killing another person was deemed necessary to preserve his life, then it was good and just in the sense that it preserved the peace. Thus, because good and evil, just and unjust are mere names whose meanings no one can agree on, the state of nature is a state of war, every man against every man. And because man naturally avoids the risk of harm, he arms himself to preserve the peace.[2] For Hobbes, only civil society has a supreme sovereign to give the citizens the standard they so desperately need to judge between good and evil, virtue and vice. For Hobbes, good and evil are not objective ideas rooted in reality that man can conceive and understand with his own mind. Therein is the fountain from which springs forth the conflict of individual man in a state of nature. Man, as a risk avoider, contracts with his fellow man to leave the state of nature and create an artificial civil society in which a third party will act as the supreme power. Hobbes pointed, the will of the parties in their social contract create their duties to each other and to the third party. The third party, the king, must define for the society what is good and evil, just and unjust so that the natural war of all against all will cease. The king, however, is not a party to the contract. The king has no contractual duty to the citizens, but only a natural duty to God to seek peace. The king seeks peace by deterring evildoers (the king defines who is evil) by wielding the sword and restricting free speech. Thus, any punishment meted out by the government is for the purpose of deterring wrongdoing, not retribution. That is, the â€Å"evildoer† is neither punished because he necessarily deserves it nor punished proportionally to his just desert, but because the punishment is an example to others how seriously the king takes his duty to preserve the peace. Thus, logically, the king could â€Å"rightly† punish an innocent citizen. The only inalienable right the citizens have is the natural right to preserve their life. Thus, they contracted to obey the king; they did not contract not to resist the king when being punished. In the state of nature, no man is obligated to heed another person’s opinion or power. Every person has a right to all things, to define what is good and what is evil, even to kill a person if one does not trust him. For Hobbes, the primary means of achieving peace is by creating an â€Å"artificial† society through individual covenantal relationships (Ibid, 66). In De Cive, Hobbes defined a contract as â€Å"the act of two, or more, mutually conveying their rights† and a covenant as that which involves promises that bind one to perform in the future (Ibid, 35-36). Hobbes’ political theory involves more of a social covenant idea than a social contract. But he does tend to use the two terms interchangeably, as is evidenced below, perhaps signifying both that rights are given up and that one is bound to perform in the future with the creation of civil society out of the state of nature.[3] Most assuredly, Hobbes’ political philosophy is a recipe for a tyrannical and oppressive government Similar to the Sophists, Hobbes’ scientistic philosophy supports the argument that any philosophy that has scientific presuppositions and begins with physical particulars produces a negative view of freedom, a simple view of human equality based upon power, authority that is equated with mere power and sanction, a deterrence theory of punishment, a natural law that can only be known in selfish generalities, natural rights that are grounded in man’s self-interests, nominalism, and theological voluntarism. In addition, because the social contract or covenant is made with each other and not with the sovereign, the sovereign has no obligation to the people that arises from the social contract. The only obligation the absolute sovereign king has is to God. In Leviathan, Hobbes discusses why a king with such absolute power â€Å"will not take all, spoil all, kill all†. Hobbes states: â€Å"[T]hough by right, that is, without injury to them, he may do it, yet can he not do it justly, that is, without breach of the natural laws, and injury against God. And therefore there is some security for subjects in the oaths which princes take†.[4] Hobbes seems to say that the king would not be seeking peace, the one obligation of the natural law, if he sought to â€Å"take all, spoil all, and kill all†. But if the king does abuse his power, the citizens have an inalienable right to resist death. For Hobbes, the citizens contracted or covenanted away their natural right to all things, but one: the preservation of life. According to Hobbes, that is the one inalienable right that men have. In essence, men contract or covenant with each other that the king may kill them if they do not perform their contractual duty, not that they will not resist when then king attempts to kill them. Although the king can â€Å"sin †¦ against God,† in no situation â€Å"is the right taken away from him, of slaying those who shall refuse to obey him†.[5] Moreover, the king has the right â€Å"to judge what opinions and doctrines are enemies unto peace, and also that he forbid them to be taught†.[6] Hence, it is the sole purpose of having a civic government. On Locke’s Political Philosophy The state of nature refers to the natural pre-political state of man. Except for the fact that Locke believed man naturally is a social person in a family, he agreed with Hobbes that man is not naturally a social being. Similar to Hobbes, civil society is not natural, but artificial. In a state of nature, man was free within the bounds of the natural law and was equal in power in relation to everyone else to act as judge in his own case and controversy with anyone else. The natural law obligates man to preserve himself: to do no harm, and to preserve the community in the absence of competition.[7] Similar to Hobbes, Locke equated human equality with power. Although Locke believed in a positive view of freedom whereby man is free only within law, Locke failed to show that man could know the specifics of the natural law code and thus, he failed to show that man really possessed a positive freedom in the state of nature. Do no harm does not provide much moral guidance. In reality, like Hobbes, for Locke man possessed a negative freedom. Locke stated â€Å"state all men are naturally in†¦ is a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions, and persons as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man. A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another†.[8] Similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, Locke believed man began his existence in a state of nature. For Locke, the state of nature is divided into two historical stages. In the first stage, man had a natural property right over his own body. Everything else was naturally held in common. When a man labored over something that was held in common, he acquired property in it. Moreover, man had a natural right of subsistence, which was regulated by spoilage. In other words, what man possessed as property by mixing his labor with it was limited by what he could consume before spoiling. The second stage of the state of nature was initiated in by the invention and use of money. With the invention of money, man could enlarge his possessions way beyond what he could consume before spoiling. Money does not spoil. Although the use of money produced the unequal division of the earth, overall, Locke argues everyone is better off: For Locke, mankind socially compacted to form civil society for several reasons: first, some in the state of nature were ignorant of the law of nature, second some were biased by the amount of property they had, third, there was no impartial judge to resolve disputes, and fourth, there was no third power to execute the law of nature. Underlying all of these reasons to form civil society is, similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, man’s self-interested passion to preserve himself. Because not one theoretical or practical principle is written on man’s heart, the natural law is not written on man’s heart. Because the natural law can be known only from a lawmaker, those who are ignorant of God’s existence because they fail to apply their reason are ignorant of the natural law. For those who do apply their reason and come to know of God’s existence and the natural law, Locke claimed that they could know the natural law code as they could know the specifics of mathematics. But Locke never came close to showing that the specific moral code is capable of mathematical demonstration. Locke extremely overestimated how much moral knowledge his empiricist epistemology could deliver. Locke’s empiricist epistemology could not demonstrate in detail what was good or evil, just or unjust For Locke, man’s conscience is nothing other than his own opinion of what is right and wrong. Thus, similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, Locke was essentially a skeptic. God’s natural law governs his creatures. Although Locke wrote of God’s right and authority to rule over his creatures, Locke never justifies his assertion. Locke never demonstrated that God was anything except the most powerful being that could compel obedience through rewards and punishments. Locke’s empiricist epistemology does not allow him to draw the distinction between authority and mere power. Thus, like Hobbes, punishment for Locke was merely deterrence. Moreover, because Locke was so consumed with, and analyzed so thoroughly, the empiricist epistemology of natural law, Locke demonstrates clearer than Hobbes that scientism coupled with a belief in God leads to nothing but theological voluntarism, i.e., the law is ultimately grounded in God’s almighty will, not His unchanging character, such that God can will anything to be moral. Thus, whoever embraces an empiricist epistemology and at the same time, acknowledges God as the ultimate lawgiver, will be left with nothing but theological voluntarism. Thus, scientistic modernism destroyed the firm and unchanging foundation of civil law and the only real restraint to civil tyranny, namely, a natural law grounded in God’s eternal and unchanging character. Similar to Hobbes, the source of civil governmental power for Locke is the consent of the people. There are two natural powers that are given to civil society, the legislative and executive. The legislative power in any civil government is superior over the executive because it gives the laws to the executive. Some of man’s natural executive power is retained. This is so because man’s natural right of self-preservation is inalienable, i.e., it cannot be given over to civil government. Thus, men in civil society have a right to resist the civil government if, after a long train of abuses, their opinion on the basis of their feelings grounded in their experience is that the civil government has violated the natural law. The civil governmental authority puts itself into a state of war with the people when it repeatedly violates the natural law. Tyranny occurs when the civil government acts out of its own self-interest and does not protect the property of the people. Locke’s theory of civil resistance is weak, however, because he failed to demonstrate that the specific code of the natural law is knowable.[9] Similar to Hobbes, Locke’s empiricist epistemology made the end of civil government empirical, i.e., the self-preservation of the people. Locke’s theory of civil resistance is based upon the personal opinions of the people. Thus, Locke could support that notion that the civil government should tolerate every religious opinion that does not threaten the people’s physical property.[10] Moreover, Locke placed most religious beliefs in the realm of mere opinions. For Locke, only a few religious propositions were within the realm of demonstrative knowledge. Overall, Locke’s theory of religious toleration is a two-edged sword. In a sense, it encouraged theological relativism. In another sense, it allowed religious liberty, albeit seemingly equating toleration with liberty (negative freedom). Finally, if Hobbes’ political philosophy described how a society of skeptics could live together under one sovereign power, then Locke’s political philosophy described how a society of skeptics could live together by balancing their opinions with the civil government’s. Thus, contrary to Hobbes, Locke believed that a little civil resistance now and then is a good thing. Although Locke’s political philosophy guard’s against tyranny better than the political philosophy of the Sophists and Hobbes, similar to the Sophists and Hobbes, Locke’s scientistic philosophy supports the argument that any philosophy that has scientific presuppositions and begins with physical particulars produces a negative view of freedom, a simple view of human equality based upon power, authority that is equated with mere power and sanction, a deterrence theory of punishment, a natural law that can only be known in selfish generalities, natural rights that are grounded in man’s self-interests, nominalism, and theological voluntarism. BIBILIOGRAPHY Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan: Or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, ed. Michael Oakeshott. New York: Simon &. Schuster, Inc., 1997. Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. [1]   Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan: Or the Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil (New York: Simon &. Schuster, Inc., 1997), 54-63) [2] Ibid, 72-77. [3] Ibid, 11-21. [4] Ibid, 77. [5] Ibid, 79. [6] Ibid, 76. [7] Locke, John, Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) 283-290. [8] Ibid, 263. [9] Ibid, 290-292. [10] Ibid.

Paper on Chronic Low Back Hurting Essay Example

Paper on Chronic Low Back Hurting Essay Example Paper on Chronic Low Back Hurting Essay Paper on Chronic Low Back Hurting Essay Introduction Chronic low back hurting ( CLBP ) is a major wellness issue in the western universe and is a important load on wellness attention ; Americans spend $ 37 billion yearly with a farther $ 19.8 billion lost in absenteeism [ 1 ] . There is 58 % life clip prevalence of back hurting in the UK, a 22-65 % 1-year prevalence and 6-7 % of all grownups have changeless back jobs [ 2 ] . Although CLBP is normally benign ( lt ; 1 % serious pathology [ 3 ] ) yet there are many curative attacks. Acupuncture has become a popular intervention but its effectivity has non been sufficiently demonstrated. Modern ( Verum ) stylostixis originates in ancient Chinese doctrine which claims hurting and disease manifest because of instabilities in organic structures forces of Yin and Yang. It is believed these forces flow through specific classs ( acmes ) and can be manipulated utilizing specific stylostixis points to recover the balance. Acupuncture has evolved from the traditional Chinese application and some manners integrating adjuncts such as electrical stimulation of the stylostixis needle [ 4 ] , A recent systematic reappraisal of articles published between 1966 and February 2003 [ 4 ] concluded that the efficaciousness of stylostixis on CLBP was inconclusive due to the low methodological quality of selected surveies. They found stylostixis had some short-run betterments in hurting and map compared to command or simulate but due to low methodological quality they concluded a demand for higher quality surveies. This reappraisal updates that survey [ 4 ] by including articles published after February 2003 or surveies that were published prior but were of high relevancy and methodological quality. The aim is to supply steadfast decisions about the efficaciousness of stylostixis therapy for CLBP. Method Study Selection Criteria Merely randomised controlled tests ( RCTs ) available in English and available free of charge were included. Search Scheme In October 2009 the MEDLINE database ( period 1950 to day of the month ) was searched for RCTs published after February 2003 and fiting the hunt threading Chronic low back hurting AND stylostixis OR dry needling OR Sham OR Placebo AND randomised controlled test OR randomized controlled test . Further searches utilizing PEDro, Web of Science ( utilizing ISI Web of Knowledge ) and Cinahl ( period 1982 to day of the month ) ( see appendix A ) . Each articles reference list was besides used as a beginning of relevant publications. Participants For inclusion the surveies participants needed to be =18-years old with non-specific CLBP. Non-specific CLBP was defined as hurting between the 12th costal border and the inferior gluteal creases =12-weeks. If radiating leg hurting was present this must be secondary to the lumbosacral part hurting. RCTs that included participants with specific pathologies as the root cause of their CLBP, such as malignance, prolapsus of =1 inter-vertebral phonograph record or spinal break were excluded. Interventions Surveies that investigated the effects of traditional ( Verum ) stylostixis, trigger-point stylostixis and dry needling were reviewed. RCTs were included regardless of manus of electro-stimulation. Studies look intoing non-needle based stylostixis, such as optical maser stylostixis, were excluded. Control intercessions included fake, usual attention, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation ( TENS ) or conservative orthopedic therapy. Result steps There are four result steps considered to be of import when measuring CLBP Pain strength ( e.g. ocular parallel graduated table ( VAS-P ) , numerical evaluation graduated table ( NRS-P ) ) A planetary step ( e.g. Overall betterment, relative recovery of patients ) A back specific functional position step ( e.g. Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire ( RMDQ ) ) Tax return to work ( absenteeism, velocity of return ) RCTs must include =1 of the above. The primary results were hurting and map. Study choice A sum of 544 surveies were found through the hunts with 17 potentially eligible RCTs identified. Of these 5 were excluded due to analyze duplicate ( n=1 ) , exclusive inclusion of participants with specific CLBP ( n=2 ) or usage of non-needle based stylostixis ( n=2 ) . The staying 12 articles were reviewed utilizing the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme ( CASP ) to find their methodological quality. CASP enables the systematic reappraisal of an RCT for cogency, design, executing and logical thinking. Assessment standards included randomisation and allotment of participants, blinding of participants and assessors, designation of possible perceiver prejudice, participant Numberss at RCT start and decision, presentation and truth of consequences, and any identified restrictions. Consequences were recorded and documented ( Appendix B ) . RCT commonalties: Participants were excluded: if they exhibited contraindications to acupuncture, had received stylostixis for their CLBP antecedently, old spinal surgery, infective spondylopathy, malignance, inborn spinal column malformation, compaction break due to osteoporosis or spinal stricture. No differences in demographic variables or baseline degrees of hurting and disablement were detected between the groups at baseline ( P gt ; 0.05 ) . Randomization was computer-generated with random figure tabular arraies. All participants gave informed consent. Each RCT received ethical blessing Usual attention is defined as a combination of drugs, physical therapy and exercising. Consequence [ 5 ] 298 participants with CLBP =6-months randomised to 12 Sessionss of stylostixis ( n=146 ) or assumed stylostixis ( n=73 ) over 8-weeks, administrating healers had =140 hours developing and 3-years experience, with a 3rd delayed stylostixis group ( n=79 ) who received no stylostixis for the initial 8-weeks followed by the stylostixis groups protocol. Outcome steps were VAS-P and back map utilizing the validated German Funktionsfragebogen Hannover-R A ; uuml ; cken ( FFbH-R ) questionnaire. At 8-weeks VAS-P decreased from baseline in all groups ; after 26 and 52-weeks the stylostixis group s consequences were better than assumed nevertheless differences were non important. Consequences from the delayed stylostixis group followed the stylostixis groups form. The test had good methodological quality: result steps were assessed independently with participants finishing questionnaires, abrasion was sensible ( 18 % ) but the stylostixis group was double the size of the others which m ay hold influenced consequences. [ 6 ] 638 participants with CLBP =3-months randomised to standard stylostixis ( n=185 ) , individualized stylostixis ( n=157 ) , assumed stylostixis ( n=162 ) or usual attention ( 161 ) groups. Acupuncture groups received 10 interventions over 7-weeks by acupuncturists with =3 preparation. The Primary result step was RMDQ. Compared to baseline all groups showed improved map and hurting at 8-weeks. Average values for RMDQ were consistent up to 52-weeks with the usual attention group holding greater disfunction than all stylostixis groups ( P=.001 ) . There was no important difference between existent and assumed stylostixis groups ( P gt ; 0.05 ) . All signifiers of stylostixis had good and dogging effects over usual attention for CLBP intervention with clinically meaningful functional betterments. There were no important differences between stylostixis groups. Outcome steps were gathered by blinded telephone interviewers and abrasion was low ( 6 % ) resulting in good test internal c ogency [ 7 ] 1162 participants with CLBP =6-months randomised to 5-weeks of twice-weekly stylostixis ( n=387 ) or assumed stylostixis ( n=387 ) , performed by acupuncturists with =140 hours developing. A 3rd group received usual attention ( n=387 ) . Outcome steps were Von Korff Chronic Pain Grade Scale ( GCPS ) and Hanover Functional Ability Questionnaire ( HFAQ ) . Consequences were presented as a per centum of betterment in map and hurting at 6-month followup. At 6-months both stylostixis groups had important betterments in hurting and map compared to baseline and usual intervention. There was no difference between stylostixis groups ( p=0.39 ) . The test was methodologically strong with good internal cogency: the control group was an active multimodal conventional therapy, had high power with declared computation, followups at 1.5, 3 and 6-months, low abrasion ( 4 % ) and balanced dynamic randomization. This was a good, extremely relevant, big, strict test. [ 8 ] 35 participants, =65-years, with CLBP =6-months randomised to 1 of 3 groups having 2 3-week stages of 30-minute stylostixis Sessionss, with a 3-week interval between. Group A ( n=12 ) received standard stylostixis, Group B ( n=10 ) superficial trigger-point stylostixis and Group C ( n=13 ) deep trigger-point stylostixis. Outcome steps were VAS-P and RMDQ mark. Group C showed a statistically important VAS-P and RMDQ decreases from baseline after stage 1 with VAS-P decrease prevailing over 12-weeks. There was no important decrease in VAS-P or RMDQ for either other groups. The RCTs methods are described good nevertheless little sample size, high dropout ( 27 % ) , short-run followup and possible prejudice limited internal cogency [ 9 ] 26 participants, =65-years, with CLBP =6-months randomised to 2 groups. Over 12-weeks each group received 1 stage of trigger-point stylostixis and 1 stage of assumed stylostixis with a 3-week interruption between. Group A ( n=13 ) received trigger-point stage foremost followed by fake, Group B ( n=13 ) vice-versa. Acupuncturist had =4-years preparation and =7-years clinical experience. Outcome steps were VAS-P and RMDQ mark. After stage 1 Group A had significantly lower VAS-P ( P lt ; 0.001 ) and RMDQ tonss ( P lt ; 0.001 ) than group B. Both groups showed important within-group lessenings in VAS-P ( P lt ; 0.001 ) and RMDQ tonss after trigger-point stylostixis but non during fake. At 12-weeks effects were non sustained. This test was described good but suffers from the same defects as the 2004 RCT by the same writers. [ 10 ] 60 participants with CLBP =6-months randomised them to 6-weeks of 30-minute hebdomadal Sessionss of either stylostixis ( n=30 ) or placebo TENS ( n=30 ) . No inside informations of administrating healers were given. The primary result step was VAS-P. Although stylostixis showed extremely important differences in all the result steps between pre- and post-treatment, the differences between the 2 groups were non statistically important. By and large the RCT was hapless: healers were non blinded, high disobedience ( 23.3 % ) , cointerventions might hold influenced consequences, the dropout rate was non explained and there was no intention-to-treat analysis. [ 11 ] 131 participants 18-65 old ages old with CLBP =6-months were randomised to groups having 20 30-minute Sessionss of traditional and otic stylostixis ( n=40 ) , physical therapy ( n=46 ) or assumed stylostixis and physical therapy ( n=45 ) , over 12-weeks. Outcome steps were VAS-P and pain disablement index ( PDI ) . After 12-weeks of intervention the stylostixis group showed significantly reduced hurting and disablement compared to the physical therapy group but non compared to the fake group. At 9-months the stylostixis group was more effectual than physical therapy in cut downing disablement merely and non different to simulate. The test was methodologically strong but short-run dropout was 24 % and long-run 37 % . The intervention scheduled was five-a-week for 2-weeks so hebdomadal for 10-weeks which may non be clinically practical. [ 12 ] 55 participants =60 years, with CLBP =12-weeks were randomised to 2-weeks of twice-weekly stylostixis and electrical stimulation aboard usual attention ( n=31 ) or usual attention entirely ( n=24 ) . Primary result was RMDQ. At 6-weeks consequences indicate clinically and statistically important betterments in the stylostixis group for hurting and disablement compared to command. Effectss remained and merely diminished somewhat at 9-weeks followup. The test was methodologically strong: balanced randomization, clear methods, low abrasion ( 14 % ) . Participant inclusion standards included prior imaging restricting generalisability. [ 13 ] 186 participants aged between 20 and 60 with CLBP =6-week were randomised to 4-weeks of usual attention entirely ( n=60 ) or with either stylostixis ( n=65 ) or assumed stylostixis ( n=61 ) . Acupuncturists were experient physicians trained in Beijing. Primary outcome step was VAS-P. Immediately after intervention 65 % of the stylostixis group reported a =50 % decrease in VAS-P compared to 34 % of the fake group and 43 % of the usual attention group. At 3-months 79 % of the stylostixis group, 29 % of the fake group and 14 % of the usual attention group reported a =50 % VAS-P decrease. Methodological quality was high: balanced ( stratified ) randomization and magnificently described methods nevertheless there was 30 % abrasion at 3-month follow-up and informations aggregation was from general practicians taking to possible public presentation prejudice. [ 14 ] 241 participants, aged 18-65, with CLBP for 4 to 52-weeks were randomised to 10 Sessionss of stylostixis ( n=160 ) or to usual attention ( n=81 ) over 3-months. Acupuncturists were developing for =3-years and =12.8-years clinical pattern. Outcome steps were SF-36 hurting tonss and Oswestry low back hurting disablement questionnaire ( ODI ) taken at baseline, 3, 12 and 24-months. A power computation stated a needed 100 participants per group to observe a 10-point difference on SF-36 ( 90 % power and 5 % significance degree ) . A 5 point difference in SF-36 was deemed important. The figure of participants in the stylostixis group was increased to 160 to let for between-acupuncturist consequence, usual attention group decreased to 80 participants without power loss. Consequences were presented as point differences between randomization, 12 and 24-months. At 12-months a 5.6 point intercession consequence difference in SF-36 hurting was found and 8 point at 24-months. No interventi on consequence was found for any other dimension of SF-36 or ODI. Participants were representative of UK population, randomization was balanced, methods were exhaustively documented and acupuncture interventions were individualized ensuing in high methodological quality and generalisability. However 25 % of participants were unaccounted for at decision cut downing internal cogency. [ 15 ] 11630 participants with CLBP =6-months were allocated to three groups. Group A were received 15 individualized stylostixis Sessionss with usual attention as needed ( n=1549 ) . Group B received delayed stylostixis with usual attention as needed ( n=1544 ) . Group C declined to be randomised but received 15 individualized stylostixis Sessionss with usual attention ( n=8004 ) . Treatment was over 3-months. Outcome steps were FFbH-R and SF-36 hurting tonss. At 6-months the stylostixis group showed important betterments in FFbH-R and SF-36 hurting compared to routine attention entirely. The big sample size and wide inclusion standards meant consequences were generalisable nevertheless groups were different at baseline and findings identified a grade of randomization choice. [ 16 ] 52 participants with CLBP =6-months were randomised to 4-weeks of physical therapy with day-to-day 1-hour electro-acupuncture Sessionss ( n=26 ) or standard physical therapy ( n=26 ) . Outcome steps were hurting ( NRS-P ) and map utilizing the Aberdeen-LBP. There was a important decrease in NRS-P and Aberdeen-LBP tonss in the stylostixis group instantly after intervention and at 1 and 3-months followup. Methodological quality was limited by possible breach of blinding unity due to miss of patient blinding and subjective result steps. Discussion Acupuncture vs. no intervention Two high quality surveies ( 11928 people ) [ 5 ] and [ 15 ] found acupuncture more effectual in short-run hurting decrease and functional betterments than no ( delayed ) intervention. However both surveies were weakened by deficient blinding and participants were recruited from newspaper adverts [ 5 ] or an insurance company [ 15 ] restricting generalisability ; both of which cut down consequences assurance. Acupuncture vs. fake Surveies comparing stylostixis and assumed stylostixis ( 2460 people ) ( [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] , [ 11 ] and [ 13 ] ) found both effectual at cut downing hurting and increasing map compared to baseline steps ; nevertheless no survey found a clinically important difference between groups With five methodologically sound tests all describing similar consequences clinicians can hold assurance in the effectivity of stylostixis or sham-acupuncture in hurting and functional betterments. However with no clinically important difference between groups, placebo consequence seems to be a significant contributing factor. Acupuncture vs. usual attention Five RCTs comparison stylostixis and usual attention ( 12164 people ) ( [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] and [ 16 ] ) concluded that stylostixis was more effectual at cut downing hurting. Increased map in the stylostixis group compared to command was reported in 1 RCT [ 12 ] at 6- and 9-weeks, [ 15 ] at 6-month and another [ 16 ] investigated consequence instantly after intervention and 1- and 3-months followup ; nevertheless 1 RCT [ 14 ] found no important betterment in map in their longer-term survey at 12 or 24-month. Unlike other documents reviewed, Thomas and co-workers used UK based participants who received interventions in private or GP clinics adding assurance to their decisions when applied to the general UK population. From survey findings clinicians can hold assurance that the add-on of stylostixis to their intervention of CLBP will be more effectual than usual attention entirely. Acupuncture vs. deep and superficial trigger-point stylostixis One survey ( [ 8 ] 35 people ) found greatest betterments in hurting and map utilizing deep trigger-point-acupuncture. However this survey, while being methodologically thorough and holding patient and assessor blinding, was limited by little size, high dropout ( 23 % ) , short-run followup and possible Centre prejudice taking to cut down clinical assurance. Acupuncture vs. TENS One RCT ( [ 10 ] 60 people ) found important betterments utilizing both TENS and stylostixis but no important intergroup difference over 6-months. However, assurance in consequences are limited because participants besides received usual attention and exercising so may hold improved irrespective ; furthermore the survey had no healers blinding, high disobedience ( 23.3 % ) , unexplained dropouts and no intention-to-treat analysis. Trigger-point stylostixis vs. fake In 1 cross-over test ( [ 9 ] 26 people ) trigger-point stylostixis was found to be more effectual than sham nevertheless little sample size, high abrasion ( 23 % ) , restricted to short-run follow-up and possible prejudice due to center location ( Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Meiji University of Oriental Medicine ) bound assurance in findings. Restriction Surveies were normally limited by being unrepresentative: of the 12 surveies 2 were UK based ( [ 10 ] , [ 14 ] ) , six restricted participants by age ( [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 11 ] [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] ) , 2 used participant enlisting methods which may hold introduced outlook prejudice ( newspaper adverts, [ 5 ] , insurance company [ 15 ] ) and five had underpowered sample sizes or non-stated power computations ( [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] ) . Without representative sample groups the result steps can non be applied to the general population with any dependability. Discrepancies were noted in intervention frequence with control group participants having less attending than intercession participants [ 16 ] . Blinding was inconsistent across surveies: 1 survey ( [ 5 ] ) blinded participants in the stylostixis groups but non the delayed group, 1 survey ( [ 6 ] ) blinded participants merely, four ( [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 13 ] ) blinded assessors and participant, 1 ( [ 10 ] ) blinded assessors merely, 1 ( [ 11 ] ) blinded assessors and participants but non acupuncturists, three ( [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] ) had no blinding and 1 ( [ 16 ] ) blinded assessors but non participants. Decision There is some grounds for the efficaciousness of stylostixis for CLBP ; compared to no intervention at that place was short-run ( [ 5 ] 8-week and [ 15 ] 3-month ) hurting decrease and functional betterments. Compared to simulate therapy both showed similar betterments in hurting and map at short-run ( [ 5 ] 8-week, [ 6 ] 8-week, [ 11 ] 12-week and [ 13 ] 3-month ) and mid-term ( [ 5 ] 6-month and 1-year, [ 7 ] 6-month, [ 11 ] 9-month ) followup but no important difference was detected between groups. Compared to usual attention stylostixis showed important betterments in primary result steps at intervention, short- ( [ 12 ] 6- and 9-week, [ 13 ] 3-month, [ 16 ] 1- and 3-month ) and long-run ( [ 15 ] 6-month, [ 14 ] 1- and 2-year ) followup. Compared to superficial and deep trigger-point all interventions showed betterments but none were significantly different from each other. Both stylostixis and TENS were found to bring forth long-run ( [ 10 ] 6-month ) betterments but no importan t difference was found between intercessions. Comparing trigger-point therapy to simulate, trigger-point was found to be more effectual although benefits were non sustained. There is grounds that stylostixis alongside other interventions relieves hurting and increases map better than single therapies entirely. Further research needs to be conducted to find intervention frequences and sustainability of intervention effects. Effective fake interventions need to be developed to set up placebo consequence compared to acupuncture and other therapy types. Extra Resources Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Morganstein D, Lipton R. ( 2003 ) . Lost productive clip and cost due to common hurting conditions in the US work force. JAMA ; 290 ( 18 ) :2443-2454. Maniadakis, N. and Gray, A. ( 2000 ) The economic load of back hurting in the UK. Pain, 84, 95-103. Koes BW, new wave Tulder MW and Thomas S ( 2006 ) . Diagnosis and intervention of low back hurting. BMJ ; 332, p1430-1434 Furlan AD, new wave Tulder M, Cherkin D, Tsukayama H, Lao L, Koes B, Berman B. ( 2005 ) . Acupuncture and Dry-Needling for Low Back Pain: An Updated Systematic Review Within the Framework of the Cochrane Collaboration. Spine 2005 ; 30:944-963 Reviewed Diaries Brinkhaus B, Witt CM, Jena S, Linde K, Streng A, Wagenpfeil S, Irnich D, Walther HU, Melchart D, Willich SN. ( 2006 ) Acupuncture in patients with chronic low back hurting: a randomized controlled test. Archivess of internal medical specialty. 166: 450-457. Cherkin et Al ( 2009 ) A randomised test comparison stylostixis, fake stylostixis, and usual attention for chronic low back hurting. Haake M, Muller H, Schade-Brittinger C, Basler HD, Schafer H, Maier C, Endres HG, Trampisch HJ, Molsberger A. ( 2007 ) . German Acupuncture Trials ( GERAC ) for chronic low back pain- randomized, multicenter, blinded, parallel-group test with 3 groups. Arch Intern Med. 167 ( 17 ) :1892-1898. Itoh E, Katsumi Y, Hirota S, Kitakoji H. ( 2006 ) . Effectss of trigger point stylostixis on chronic low back hurting in aged patients a sham-controlled randomized test. Acupuncture in Medicine. 24 ( 1 ) :5-12 ItohK. Katsumi Y. Kitakoji H. Acupuncture in Medicine. ( 2004 ) Trigger point stylostixis intervention of chronic low back hurting in aged patients: a blinded RCT. 22 ( 4 ) :170-7, Kerr DP, Walsh DM, Baxter D. ( 2003 ) Acupuncture in the direction of chronic low back hurting: a blinded randomized controlled test. The clinical diary of hurting. 19: 364-370 Leibing E, Leonhardt U, Koster G, Goerlitz A, Rosenfeldt JA, Hilgers R, Ramadori G. ( 2001 ) . Acupuncture intervention of chronic low-back hurting a randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled test with 9-month followup. Trouble 96 ( 2002 ) 189-196 Meng CF, Wang D, Ngeow J, Lao L, Peterson M, Paget S. ( 2003 ) . Acupuncture for chronic lower back hurting in older patients: a randomized, controlled test. Rheumatology. 42:1508-1517 Molsberger AF, Mau J, Pawelec DB, Winkler J ( 2002 ) . Does acupuncture better the orthopaedic direction of chronic low back pain a randomised, blinded, controlled test with3 months follow up. Trouble 99 ( 2002 ) 579-587 Thomas KJ, MacPherson H, Thorpe L, Brazier J, Fitter M, Campbell M J, Roman M, Walters S J, Nicholl J. ( 2006 ) . Randomised controlled test of a short class of traditional stylostixis compared with usual attention for relentless non-specific low back hurting. British Medical Journal.doi:10.1136/bmj.38878.907361.7C Witt CM, Jena S, Selim D, Brinkhaus B, Reinhold T, Wruck K, Liecker B, Linde K, Wegscheider K, Willich SN. ( 2006 ) . Matter-of-fact Randomized Trial Measuring the Clinical and Economic Effectiveness of Acupuncture for Chronic Low Back Pain. American Journal of Epidemiology 2006 ; 164:487-496 Yeung CKN, Leung MCP, Chow DHK. ( 2003 ) . The Use of Electro-Acupuncture in Conjunction with Exercise for the Treatment of Chronic Low-Back Pain. The Journal Of Alternative And Complementary Medicine..2003:9:4:479-490

Struthiomimus - Facts and Figures

Struthiomimus - Facts and Figures Name: Struthiomimus (Greek for ostrich mimic); pronounced STROO-thee-oh-MIME-us Habitat: Plains of western North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 10 feet long and 300 pounds Diet: Plants and meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Ostrich-like posture; long tail and hind legs About Struthiomimus A close relative of Ornithomimus, which it closely resembled, Struthiomimus (ostrich mimic) galloped across the plains of western North America during the late Cretaceous period. This ornithomimid (bird mimic) dinosaur was distinguished from its more famous cousin by its slightly longer arms and stronger fingers, but because of the position of its thumbs it couldnt grasp food quite as easily. Like other ornithomimids, Struthiomimus likely pursued an opportunistic diet, feeding on plants, small animals, insects, fish or even carrion (when a kill was left unattended by other, larger theropods). This dinosaur may have been capable of short sprints of 50 miles per hour, but had a less taxing cruising speed in the 30 to 40 mph range.

Kinds of accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kinds of accounting - Essay Example The three major heads in which accounting is divided are financial accounting, managerial accounting and cost accounting. There are other kinds that have been developing as the world is progressing, but they all come under the three umbrellas one way or the other. For clarification and differentiation amongst the three major heads, a brief discussion is presented below (Peter, 2007). The basic purpose that financial accounting serves, is to provide the stakeholders with information to make sound economic decisions (Robert, 2004). Reports are made for the external parties such as the investors, creditors and tax authorities, so that they can extract information regarding how the company is doing. Reports include income statements, balance sheets, cash flow statements and other- they provide a complete picture for external parties to make sound decision and compare them with other organizations’ performances. They are guided by the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) (Robert, 2008). Managerial accounting is another major branch of accounting. It provides information that is crucial for the internal parties or the managers or employees, helping in understanding the running of the businesses. They provide information to the internal stakeholders that help them understanding the management and control functions within the organization. It is forward looking, that is, it is mostly based on projections and assumptions rather than the history of the organization. Management accounting is also termed as cost accounting, where product costing is also a part of managerial accounting. All these types of accounting that come under managerial accounting; help the managers make sound decisions about management and control of the organizational functions (Ray, 2008). Cost accounting comes under the umbrella of managerial accounting but serves a unique purpose. Cost accounting helps in budgeting, establishing the actual